Journal Description
Buildings
Buildings
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on building science, building engineering and architecture published monthly online by MDPI. The International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) is affiliated with Buildings and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Civil) / CiteScore - Q1 (Architecture)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion Journal: Architecture.
Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Automatic Detection of Urban Pavement Distress and Dropped Objects with a Comprehensive Dataset Collected via Smartphone
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061546 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Pavement distress seriously affects the quality of pavement and reduces driving comfort and safety. The dropped objects from vehicles have increased the risks of traffic accidents. Therefore, automatic detection of urban pavement distress and dropped objects is an effective method to timely evaluate
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Pavement distress seriously affects the quality of pavement and reduces driving comfort and safety. The dropped objects from vehicles have increased the risks of traffic accidents. Therefore, automatic detection of urban pavement distress and dropped objects is an effective method to timely evaluate pavement condition. Firstly, this paper utilized a portable platform to collect pavement distress and dropped objects to establish a high-quality dataset. Six types of pavement distresses: transverse crack, longitudinal crack, alligator crack, oblique crack, potholes, and repair, and three types of dropped objects: plastic bottle, metal bottle, and tetra pak were included in this comprehensive dataset. Secondly, the real-time YOLO series detection models were used to classify and localize the pavement distresses and dropped objects. In addition, segmentation models W-segnet, U-Net, and SegNet were utilized to achieve pixel-level detection of pavement distress and dropped objects. The results show that YOLOv8 outperformed YOLOv5 and YOLOv7 with a MAP of 0.889. W-segnet showed an overall MIoU of 70.65% and 68.33% on the training set and test set, respectively, being superior to the comparison model and being able to achieve high-precision pixel-level segmentation. Finally, the trained models were performed on the holdout dataset for the generalization test. The proposed methods integrated the detection of urban pavement distress and dropped objects, which could significantly contribute to driving safety.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Infrastructure Construction and Management)
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Open AccessEditorial
Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening
by
Rajesh Rupakhety and Dipendra Gautam
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1545; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061545 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
The changing landscape of building technology, seismic engineering understanding, data, innovative rehabilitation strategies, and computing efficiency have morphed the field of structural earthquake engineering and closely allied fields into one of the most dynamic and vibrant fields of civil engineering, both in research
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The changing landscape of building technology, seismic engineering understanding, data, innovative rehabilitation strategies, and computing efficiency have morphed the field of structural earthquake engineering and closely allied fields into one of the most dynamic and vibrant fields of civil engineering, both in research and practice [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)
Open AccessHypothesis
Relationships between Green Space Perceptions, Green Space Use, and the Multidimensional Health of Older People: A Case Study of Fuzhou, China
by
Yuanjing Wu, Wei Zhou, Huimin Zhang, Qunyue Liu, Zhao Yan and Siren Lan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1544; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061544 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Urban green spaces are vital for older people’s health. However, most studies have only focused on their relationship with single-dimensional health outcomes. This study introduced a theoretical model to explore how perceptions of green spaces influence older people’s multidimensional health, mediated by the
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Urban green spaces are vital for older people’s health. However, most studies have only focused on their relationship with single-dimensional health outcomes. This study introduced a theoretical model to explore how perceptions of green spaces influence older people’s multidimensional health, mediated by the use of these spaces. Using a literature review, interviews, and surveys, we developed and refined a measurement scale for older people’s perceptions of urban greenery. Using data from 513 seniors in Fuzhou’s urban parks, structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships between their multidimensional health, usage, and perceptions of green spaces. The results showed that older people’s positive evaluations of green spaces, especially those with facilities, significantly increased their usage. This increased usage positively influences their physical, mental, and social health, with the most pronounced benefits for social health. The total impact of green space perception on multidimensional health was beneficial and significantly impacted social health, even though the direct impacts of quality perception on physical health and facility perception on social health were minimal. These findings enhance our understanding of the impact of green spaces on the health of older individuals and provide a theoretical basis for developing urban green spaces that maximize health advantages for older people.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Biophilic Cities and Communities: Towards Natural Resources, Environmental and Social Sustainability)
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Open AccessArticle
Corrosion Properties and Bond Strength in Normal Strength Concrete of Al2O3 Plasma-Sprayed Plain Bars with ZrCC/Organofunctional Silane Coating
by
Petr Pokorný, Nikola Prodanovic, Karel Hurtig, Veronika Steinerová, Jaroslav Fojt, Marek Janata and Vlastimil Brožek
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1543; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061543 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, the corrosion properties of plasma-sprayed Al2O3 coating (APSS) with a topcoat of zirconium-based conversion coating (ZrCC) and organofunctional silane coating (3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; GPTMS) on carbon steel are investigated in detail. Additionally, the bond strength of plain steel bars
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In this study, the corrosion properties of plasma-sprayed Al2O3 coating (APSS) with a topcoat of zirconium-based conversion coating (ZrCC) and organofunctional silane coating (3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; GPTMS) on carbon steel are investigated in detail. Additionally, the bond strength of plain steel bars coated with this system in normal strength concrete are newly tested. The APSS coating exhibits significant porosity, with unfavourable open pores limiting the barrier protection effect. In contrast, the surface roughness (Ra) significantly increases, improving the bond strength between steel bars and concrete. Such increase in carbon steel roughness improves bond strength in concrete. The synergic application of ZrCC and GPTMS topcoats significantly enhances the corrosion resistance of the base coat (inhibition effect). The character of the GPTMS coating increases the wettability of the APSS coating, which further positively contributes to bond strength between plain bars and concrete. It is demonstrated that when the ZrCC topcoat is applied without GPTMS, the corrosion resistance increases insignificantly and the surface wettability decreases, negatively affecting bond strength in comparison with carbon steel coated using an APSS base coat only.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Durability and Aging on Materials and Structures in Buildings)
Open AccessArticle
A Synergetic Perspective on the Planning of the “City in a Park”: A Case Study of the Sichuan Tianfu New Area, China
by
Siyu Chen, Jian Qiu, Mei Yang and Jing Li
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061542 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2024
Abstract
The “City in a Park” (CIP) is a new concept of urban transformation and development proposed in China in recent years, guiding the construction of healthy and sustainable living environments. This paper analyzes urban planning based on the CIP concept from a synergetic
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The “City in a Park” (CIP) is a new concept of urban transformation and development proposed in China in recent years, guiding the construction of healthy and sustainable living environments. This paper analyzes urban planning based on the CIP concept from a synergetic perspective, aiming to explore how the integrated planning of ecological spaces and built environments can promote systematic sustainable development in ecology, economy, and society. This research employs methods including document collection, unstructured interviews, field observations, and participatory observation, focusing on a case study of the Sichuan Tianfu New Area (STNA), a demonstration zone for the CIP. The study finds that the planning of the STNA extends the planning scope of urban ecological spaces beyond the traditional urban construction boundaries, not only preserving the natural resources but also enhancing the city’s overall sustainability through regional ecological services. By designing ecological spaces as green infrastructure that connects urban and rural areas, the primary sector is more readily integrated with the secondary and tertiary sectors, facilitating the integration of the urban and rural infrastructure and industries. The STNA integrates urban and rural administrative divisions, builds a cross-departmental collaborative management platform, and guides public participation in the planning process, ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of planning implementation and enhancing the equitable sharing of social services. This research provides new insights into comprehensive, cross-disciplinary, and ecology-oriented urban planning. It offers evidence for an understanding of the application pathways and effects of the CIP concept in urban planning practice and provides valuable experience for other cities to promote harmonious coexistence between the city and nature.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Urban and Regional Planning)
Open AccessArticle
Rubberized Concrete: Effect of the Rubber Size and Content on Static and Dynamic Behavior
by
Tianyang Du, Yue Yang, Huidong Cao, Nan Si, Hadi Kordestani, Zhwan Dilshad Ibrahim Sktani, Ali Arab and Chunwei Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1541; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061541 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2024
Abstract
Abstract: Rubberized concrete (RC) has received widespread attention due to its energy absorption and crack resistance properties. However, due to its low compressive strength, it is not recommended for structural applications. The rubber size and content affect RC’s mechanical properties. This study investigated
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Abstract: Rubberized concrete (RC) has received widespread attention due to its energy absorption and crack resistance properties. However, due to its low compressive strength, it is not recommended for structural applications. The rubber size and content affect RC’s mechanical properties. This study investigated and formulated the behavior of RC with different particle sizes and contents under dynamic and static loading. Quasi-static compressive and dynamic tests were conducted on RC with varying content of rubber (0–30%) and rubber sizes (0.1–20 mm). It was found that the rubber particle size was 0.5mm and the rubber content was 2%. An equation was derived from the experimental data to forecast the impact of rubber size and content on compressive strength. Additionally, by combining the literature and this research’s data, a model was established based on neural networks to predict the strength of RC. SHPB tests were carried out to study the stress–strain curves under dynamic load. The peak stress, fragment analysis, and energy absorption of RC with varying content of rubber and rubber sizes at three different strain rates (100 s−1, 160 s−1, and 290 s−1) were investigated. Equations describing the relationship between dynamic increase factor (DIF), rubber material content, and strain rate on different particle sizes were obtained by fitting. The DIF increased as the content of the rubber increased. By analyzing energy absorption data, it was found that the optimal ratio for energy absorption was RC-0.5-30, RC-0.1-30, and RC-10-30 at strain rates of 100 s−1, 160 s−1, and 290 s−1. This study could be a good guideline for other researchers to easily select the content and size of the rubber in RC for their applications. It also has a positive significance in promoting the development of green building materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
Open AccessArticle
Classification and Model Explanation of Traditional Dwellings Based on Improved Swin Transformer
by
Shangbo Miao, Chenxi Zhang, Yushun Piao and Yalin Miao
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1540; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061540 (registering DOI) - 25 May 2024
Abstract
The extraction of features and classification of traditional dwellings plays significant roles in preserving and ensuring the sustainable development of these structures. Currently, challenges persist in subjective classification and the accuracy of feature extraction. This study focuses on traditional dwellings in Gansu Province,
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The extraction of features and classification of traditional dwellings plays significant roles in preserving and ensuring the sustainable development of these structures. Currently, challenges persist in subjective classification and the accuracy of feature extraction. This study focuses on traditional dwellings in Gansu Province, China, employing a novel model named Improved Swin Transformer. This model, based on the Swin Transformer and parallel grouped Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) branches, aims to enhance the accuracy of feature extraction and classification precision. Furthermore, to validate the accuracy of feature extraction during the prediction process and foster trust in AI systems, explainability research was conducted using Grad-CAM-generated heatmaps. Initially, the Gansu Province Traditional Dwelling Dataset (GTDD) is established. On the constructed GTDD dataset, the Improved Swin Transformer attains an accuracy of 90.03% and an F1 score of 87.44%. Comparative analysis with ResNet-50, ResNeXt-50, and Swin Transformer highlights the outstanding performance of the improved model. The confusion matrix of the Improved Swin Transformer model reveals the classification results across different regions, indicating that the primary influencing factors are attributed to terrain, climate, and cultural aspects. Finally, using Grad-CAM-generated heatmaps for explaining classifications, it is observed that the Improved Swin Transformer model exhibits more accurate localization and focuses on features compared to the other three models. The model demonstrates exceptional feature extraction ability with minimal influence from the surrounding environment. Simultaneously, through the heatmaps generated by the Improved Swin Transformer for traditional residential areas in five regions of Gansu, it is evident that the model accurately extracts architectural features such as roofs, facades, materials, windows, etc. This validates the consistency of features extracted by the Improved Swin Transformer with traditional methods and enhances trust in the model and decision-making. In summary, the Improved Swin Transformer demonstrates outstanding feature extraction ability and accurate classification, providing valuable insights for the protection and style control of traditional residential areas.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Buildings: Design, Analysis, and Construction)
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Open AccessArticle
Stochastic Response of Composite Post Insulators under Seismic Excitation
by
Haibo Wang, Yongfeng Cheng, Zhicheng Lu, Ronghua Huan, Qiangfeng Lü and Zhenlin Liu
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1539; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061539 (registering DOI) - 25 May 2024
Abstract
Composite post insulators are crucial facilities in substations and are prone to significant damage during seismic disasters. However, existing research lacks seismic motion models suitable for power facilities and rarely involves stochastic models. Furthermore, considering the non-stationary characteristics of seismic motion, predicting the
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Composite post insulators are crucial facilities in substations and are prone to significant damage during seismic disasters. However, existing research lacks seismic motion models suitable for power facilities and rarely involves stochastic models. Furthermore, considering the non-stationary characteristics of seismic motion, predicting the response of nonlinear systems under non-stationary excitation becomes exceedingly challenging. In view of this, the stochastic response of composite post insulators under the non-stationary stochastic seismic excitation appropriate for power facilities has been studied. First, a stochastic ground motion model, conforming to the Code for Seismic Design of Electrical Insulators in China, is established, incorporating amplitude and frequency non-stationarity. Next, the nonlinear dynamic system, accounting for multi-section composite post insulators and the nonlinearity of flange connections, is established under stochastic ground motion conditions. Based on this stochastic nonlinear dynamic model, the dynamic behavior of the system was analyzed using the stochastic dynamics method (the wavelet-Galerkin method), and the influence of nonlinear stiffness on the system response was discussed. The stochastic seismic response analysis method proposed in this paper can serve as a valuable reference for the seismic design of pillar-type electrical equipment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Health Monitoring and Vibration Control)
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Open AccessArticle
Assessing Utilization and Comfort in a Village Scenic Park: Implications for Rural Revitalization
by
Wenying Yao, Tao Zhang, Hiroatsu Fukuda, Mengying Wang and Jinli Yang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061538 (registering DOI) - 25 May 2024
Abstract
Scenic parks in rural areas occupy crucial positions, serving as vital hubs for the daily lives of villagers and important leisure destinations for tourists. This research is dedicated to assessing the significance of the scenic park in Wawuzhuang Village from the perspectives of
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Scenic parks in rural areas occupy crucial positions, serving as vital hubs for the daily lives of villagers and important leisure destinations for tourists. This research is dedicated to assessing the significance of the scenic park in Wawuzhuang Village from the perspectives of both villagers and tourists. Employing a comprehensive research approach, this study examines the current state of the scenic park and its ability to meet the requirements of villagers and tourists. Villagers, mainly elderly individuals with low levels of education, rely heavily on green spaces for leisure and social interaction. In contrast, younger tourists and villagers require spaces that offer more comfort and aesthetic appeal. This study highlights the possibility of designing rural scenic parks to meet the basic needs of both tourists and villagers. In addition, mixed-use designs and public participation designs are suggested to promote the use of rural parks, potentially creating an attractive community environment that attracts new villagers and more tourists. Although this study is limited to a single case, it lays the groundwork for further research in other rural areas. This research contributes to the sustainable development of rural revitalization.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Centric Space Design: Occupant Comfort, Wellbeing, and Post-occupancy Evaluation of Multi-Scale Built Environment)
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Open AccessArticle
Finite Element Method Simulation and Experimental Investigation on the Temperature Control System with Groundwater Circulation in Bridge Deck Pavement
by
Wei Ni, Hancheng Dan, Gewen Bai and Jiawei Tan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1537; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061537 (registering DOI) - 25 May 2024
Abstract
The application of green energy resources is gaining increasing attention in the field of engineering. In cold areas, the groundwater circulation temperature control system (GCTCS) can serve as an auxiliary structure to the bridge deck on highways, effectively preventing the pavement surface from
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The application of green energy resources is gaining increasing attention in the field of engineering. In cold areas, the groundwater circulation temperature control system (GCTCS) can serve as an auxiliary structure to the bridge deck on highways, effectively preventing the pavement surface from freezing. In this study, a finite element simulation is conducted to establish a bridge structure model of the GCTCS, incorporating both steady-state and transient conditions to investigate its anti-icing performance. Additionally, the influences of various factors, such as wind speed, asphalt concrete layer thickness, groundwater temperature, pipe water flow rate, and pipe spacing, on the temperature of the water film on the pavement surface are investigated and validated through laboratory testing. The results demonstrate that wind speed has a significant influence, with the convective heat loss reaching 90% when the wind speed reaches 10 m/s. Groundwater temperature is the second most influential factor, showing a linear relationship with the water film temperature. Excessive pipe spacing can lead to an uneven temperature distribution on the pavement surface. The thickness of the asphalt concrete layer and the flow rate have minimal effects. However, a low flow rate can result in a significant decrease in the water film temperature. Furthermore, changes in the thermal conductivity of the surface layers also contribute to the anti-icing effect. The simulation analysis of the GCTCS provides valuable guidance for practical engineering in cooler regions where groundwater resources are abundant.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathway to Sustainability: Advances in Road Pavement Structures and Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
Risk Evaluation of Radioactive Concrete Structure Decommissioning in Nuclear Power Plants Using Fuzzy-AHP
by
Hyosoo Moon, Seyedali Mirmotalebi, Youjin Jang, Yonghan Ahn and Nahyun Kwon
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061536 (registering DOI) - 25 May 2024
Abstract
Over 50% of nuclear power plants (NPPs) worldwide have operated for over three decades, leading to a surge in decommissioning projects. This study addresses the gap in current guidelines by analyzing risks in nuclear decommissioning. Using the fuzzy-AHP technique, tasks within dismantling radioactive
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Over 50% of nuclear power plants (NPPs) worldwide have operated for over three decades, leading to a surge in decommissioning projects. This study addresses the gap in current guidelines by analyzing risks in nuclear decommissioning. Using the fuzzy-AHP technique, tasks within dismantling radioactive concrete structures are prioritized. Findings reveal structural and human-related risks across five main cutting tasks. Collision emerges as a significant concern, particularly during wire saw installation and concrete block hoisting hole creation. Subcategory risk priorities highlight variations in risk across tasks, with jamming, falling, and falling objects identified as top concerns during wire saw transportation. This study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive risk assessment in enhancing safety during decommissioning. It underscores the need to consider both physical risks and risks to personnel throughout the process. By prioritizing safety, stakeholders can ensure worker safety and operational efficiency while minimizing hazards. This research contributes to standardized safety protocols for nuclear decommissioning worldwide, aligning with sustainable energy practices. The outcomes offer practical insights for safety manual development and decision-making processes. This study represents progress in ensuring safety during nuclear decommissioning, paving the way for further refinement of safety protocols and guidelines tailored to decommissioning sites.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)
Open AccessArticle
Renovation Wave in Europe: Low-Carbon Design for the Refurbishment of Social Housing in Southern Italy
by
Giacomo Di Ruocco
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1535; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061535 (registering DOI) - 25 May 2024
Abstract
The public housing stock, called social housing, in Italy was developed between the 1950s and the 1980s. As of today, the first residential developments are almost nearing their end-of-life age and are in need of urgent and intensive renovation. The European Commission, with
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The public housing stock, called social housing, in Italy was developed between the 1950s and the 1980s. As of today, the first residential developments are almost nearing their end-of-life age and are in need of urgent and intensive renovation. The European Commission, with the Renovation Wave, has set a goal of doubling the rate of building renovation over the next 10 years, reducing emissions, improving energy performance, and promoting decarburization. Renovation interventions, including structural, functional, energy, and plant upgrading interventions, etc., are to be preferred over integral demolition and reconstruction interventions, which have significant repercussions in terms of managerial and social discomfort. The case studies examined concern renovation interventions aimed at energy efficiency, functional adaptation of housing, as well as façade restyling. The design variants analyzed were evaluated in terms of CO2e emissions, according to life cycle inventory (LCI) and Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) approaches. This approach has a twofold purpose: to propose design guidelines, with low CO2e emissions, through hypotheses of variants in the case studies, and to propose, to the economic operators, economically advantageous bidding scenarios in the procurement process.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in the Construction Industry)
Open AccessArticle
BIM Use to Support the Technical Tasks in Construction Projects: A Case Study
by
Wael Abdelhameed and Esam M. H. Ismaeil
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061534 (registering DOI) - 25 May 2024
Abstract
BIM use has proved to be inevitable in construction project phases, starting from the project initiation phase and ending with the project closeout phase. Through the use of 4D/5D/6D models in processes of the construction project such as scheduling, bills of quantities (BoQs),
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BIM use has proved to be inevitable in construction project phases, starting from the project initiation phase and ending with the project closeout phase. Through the use of 4D/5D/6D models in processes of the construction project such as scheduling, bills of quantities (BoQs), and environmental analysis, BIM provides massive assistance to all project participants. In addition, BIM has been utilized in facility management through the use of 7D models. These well-established benefits positively impact construction project variables: cost, time, and quality. Despite these invaluable contributions in construction projects, BIM is not extensively applied in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) of Arab countries, especially in small/medium-scale construction projects. BIM use at these project scales is mainly exclusive to the design phases. The present use of BIM in GCC construction projects leads to the missing of numerous opportunities, which negatively affects project delivery methods, project timelines, and, consequently, project budgets. To shed more light on this subject, this research paper attempts to answer emerging questions, such as the following: How do BIM and other software programs support the technical team of construction projects? Do these software programs have a direct impact on construction project management, in terms of project timelines and work changes? Does BIM add unnecessary cost to the project budget? This research paper proposes four technical task groups used in construction project phases to evaluate the use of BIM and the associated software programs, namely technical work, Time and Accuracy, budget, and BoQ. These four task groups, moreover, have been ratified and are the subject of consensus by project managers and senior engineers in GCC construction projects, who provided the research primary data through interviews and field surveys. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to investigate and analyze the present status of BIM use in construction projects, and subsequently, to establish a basis to propose improvements to support the technical team of construction projects. Two approaches are proposed to overcome the obstacles that hinder BIM adoption in GCC countries. The first one is a top-down approach, in which BIM use and BIM documents are mandatory in construction projects. The second approach is a bottom-up approach, where having more BIM professionals in the GCC market will facilitate the transformation to BIM.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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Open AccessArticle
Bearing Capacity and Reinforced Mechanisms of Horizontal–Vertical Geogrid in Foundations: PFC3D Study
by
Jinjun Wu, Fabin Zhang, Liang Gao and Juan Hou
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1533; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061533 (registering DOI) - 25 May 2024
Abstract
The study presents a novel meshed horizontal–vertical (H–V) geogrid, offering promising advancements in geotechnical structure performance. The study pioneers a modeling approach for H–V geogrid foundation bearing capacity with discrete element method, expanding understanding and optimizing design strategy. By analyzing the granular displacement,
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The study presents a novel meshed horizontal–vertical (H–V) geogrid, offering promising advancements in geotechnical structure performance. The study pioneers a modeling approach for H–V geogrid foundation bearing capacity with discrete element method, expanding understanding and optimizing design strategy. By analyzing the granular displacement, contact force distribution, and vertical stress distribution within the foundation system, the study examines the impact of burial depth, vertical element height, and the number of vertical elements on H–V reinforced foundations. The findings suggest that employing a burial depth equivalent to the width of the footing enhances bearing capacity compared to conventional geogrid applications, with depths set at 0.4 times the width of the footing. This enhancement is attributed to forming a deeper slip surface in H–V systems. Moreover, raising vertical elements to 0.6 times the width of the footing enhances bearing capacity with minimal increase in geogrid usage, indicating a strategic approach to reinforcement. Increasing the number of vertical elements, particularly with three pairs, significantly enhances bearing capacity by reinforcing lateral restraint on the soil and promoting stress homogenization, thereby augmenting the “deep-footing” effect. The technical analysis underscores the efficacy of H–V geogrids in bolstering the bearing capacity of reinforced foundations, which is attributed to the robust grip and interlocking mechanism facilitated by these geogrids’ vertical ribs and mesh structure, which augment lateral confinement and diminish horizontal soil displacement.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Structural Optimization of Trusses in Building Information Modeling (BIM) Projects Using Visual Programming, Evolutionary Algorithms, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Tools
by
Feyzullah Yavan, Reza Maalek and Vedat Toğan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061532 (registering DOI) - 25 May 2024
Abstract
The optimal structural design is imperative in order to minimize material consumption and reduce the environmental impacts of construction. Given the complexity in the formulation of structural design problems, the process of optimization is commonly performed using artificial intelligence (AI) global optimization, such
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The optimal structural design is imperative in order to minimize material consumption and reduce the environmental impacts of construction. Given the complexity in the formulation of structural design problems, the process of optimization is commonly performed using artificial intelligence (AI) global optimization, such as the genetic algorithm (GA). However, the integration of AI-based optimization, together with visual programming (VP), in building information modeling (BIM) projects warrants further investigation. This study proposes a workflow by combining structure analysis, VP, BIM, and GA to optimize trusses. The methodology encompasses several steps, including the following: (i) generation of parametric trusses in Dynamo VP; (ii) performing finite element modeling (FEM) using Robot Structural Analysis (RSA); (iii) retrieving and evaluating the FEM results interchangeably between Dynamo and RSA; (iv) finding the best solution using GA; and (v) importing the optimized model into Revit, enabling the user to perform simulations and engineering analysis, such as life cycle assessment (LCA) and quantity surveying. This methodology provides a new interoperable framework with minimal interference with existing supply-chain processes, and it will be flexible to technology literacy and allow architectural, engineering and construction (AEC) professionals to employ VP, global optimization, and FEM in BIM-based projects by leveraging open-sourced software and tools, together with commonly used design software. The feasibility of the proposed workflow was tested on benchmark problems and compared with the open literature. The outcomes of this study offer insight into the opportunities and limitations of combining VP, GA, FEA, and BIM for structural optimization applications, particularly to enhance structural efficiency and sustainability in construction. Despite the success of this study in developing a workable, user-friendly, and interoperable framework for the utilization of VP, GA, FEM, and BIM for structural optimization, the results obtained could be improved by (i) increasing the callback function speed between Dynamo and RSA through specialized application programming interface (API); and (ii) fine-tuning the GA parameters or utilizing other advanced global optimization and supervised learning techniques for the optimization.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials, Structural Systems and Construction for Green Buildings)
Open AccessArticle
Numerical Simulation and Calculation Method Study on Seamless Construction of Super-Length Raft Structures Based on Novel Magnesium Oxide Expansive Strengthening Band Method
by
Hong Liao, Yuan Tan, Chao Dai, Jie Pu and Bin Han
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061531 (registering DOI) - 25 May 2024
Abstract
The drive for continuous innovation in large-scale infrastructure necessitates advancements in techniques, addressing the challenges of constructing super-length concrete structures. This study investigated the emerging shift from traditional united expanding agent (UEA) to magnesia expansive agent (MEA) in conjunction with expansive strengthening bands
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The drive for continuous innovation in large-scale infrastructure necessitates advancements in techniques, addressing the challenges of constructing super-length concrete structures. This study investigated the emerging shift from traditional united expanding agent (UEA) to magnesia expansive agent (MEA) in conjunction with expansive strengthening bands (ESBs), marking a pivotal transition in ensuring monolithic integrity. Despite a decade of exploration, MEA–ESB implementation in real-world projects remains underdocumented, with scholarly focus primarily confined to material characterization. This research integrated empirical on-site tests of MEA–ESB with high-fidelity numerical simulations in ABAQUS. The finite element model (FEM) validation against actual test data underscored the precision of our modeling, capturing the complex thermomechanical behavior of the system. We introduced a sophisticated parametric analysis framework, elucidating the influence of critical parameters like the ESB-to-raft-width ratio and MEA concrete expansion rates. This granular understanding facilitated the fine-tuning of design parameters, advancing the practical application of MEA methodologies. A groundbreaking contribution entailed the formulation of predictive models for early-stage cracking, anchored in the guidelines of the ACI Committee 207 and refined through extensive parametric exploration. These formulae empower engineers to anticipate and mitigate cracking risks during the design phase, thereby enhancing project safety and efficiency. Notably, this study identified limitations in current prediction models, highlighting the need for future research to incorporate comprehensive lifecycle considerations, including hydration heat effects and time-dependent mechanical property evolution.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characteristics of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete: Latest Advances and Prospects)
Open AccessArticle
Distributionally Robust Demand Response for Heterogeneous Buildings with Rooftop Renewables under Cold Climates
by
Xincong Shi, Xinrui Wang, Yuze Ji, Zhiliang Liu and Weiheng Han
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1530; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061530 (registering DOI) - 25 May 2024
Abstract
A considerable penetration of rooftop PV generation and increasing demand for heating loads will enlarge the peak-to-valley difference, imposing a great challenge to the reliable operation of distribution systems under cold climates. The objective of this paper is to establish a distributionally robust
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A considerable penetration of rooftop PV generation and increasing demand for heating loads will enlarge the peak-to-valley difference, imposing a great challenge to the reliable operation of distribution systems under cold climates. The objective of this paper is to establish a distributionally robust demand response (DR) model for building energy systems for suppressing peak-to-valley load ratios by exploiting cooperative complementarity and flexible transformation characteris-tics of various household appliances. The thermodynamic effect of buildings is modeled for harvesting intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs) on the building roof in the form of thermal energy storages to reduce RES curtailments and eliminate thermal comfort violations in cold weather. Furthermore, the Wasserstein metric is adopted to develop the ambiguity set of the uncertainty probability distributions (PDs) of RESs, and thus, only historical data of RES output is needed rather than prior knowledge about the actual PDs. Finally, a computationally tractable mixed-integer linear programming reformulation is derived for the original distributionally robust optimization (DRO) model. The proposed DRO-based DR strategy was performed on multiple buildings over a 24 h scheduling horizon, and comparative studies have validated the effectiveness of the proposed strategy for building energy systems in reducing the peak/valley ratio and decreasing operation costs.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Building Energy Efficiency)
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Open AccessArticle
Characterizing the Supportive Environment of Informal Spaces on Cold Region University Campuses to Enhance Social Interaction Behavior
by
Jianfei Chen, Hedi Shi, Wente Pan and Donghui Sun
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1529; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061529 (registering DOI) - 24 May 2024
Abstract
Research has confirmed the positive impact of social interaction behaviors, including improved mental health, creativity, and stress reduction. Notably, a relationship exists between the spatial characteristics of university campuses and social interaction behaviors. The theories of supportive environment and ecological psychology were used
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Research has confirmed the positive impact of social interaction behaviors, including improved mental health, creativity, and stress reduction. Notably, a relationship exists between the spatial characteristics of university campuses and social interaction behaviors. The theories of supportive environment and ecological psychology were used to investigate the quantitative relationship between spatial features of informal spaces and social interactions at a university in a cold region to determine supportive features. Deep learning-based computer vision methods were employed to collect and analyze crowd behavior data, and multiple regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the features and social interactions. The results indicate that functional features significantly influence social interactions, whereas physical features have a relatively minor impact on social interaction frequency. This finding confirms the efficacy of informal space design at cold-region universities in promoting social interaction behaviors. The deep learning method enables quantitative analysis of the effect of environmental features on social behaviors on cold-region university campuses, providing valuable design suggestions and insights for campuses in other regions and research related to social interaction behaviors.
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(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
Open AccessArticle
A New Approach to Interior Design: Generating Creative Interior Design Videos of Various Design Styles from Indoor Texture-Free 3D Models
by
Zichun Shao, Junming Chen, Hui Zeng, Wenjie Hu, Qiuyi Xu and Yu Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061528 (registering DOI) - 24 May 2024
Abstract
Interior design requires designer creativity and significant workforce investments. Meanwhile, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is crucial for enhancing the creativity and efficiency of interior design. Therefore, this study proposes an innovative method to generate multistyle interior design and videos with AI. First, this study
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Interior design requires designer creativity and significant workforce investments. Meanwhile, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is crucial for enhancing the creativity and efficiency of interior design. Therefore, this study proposes an innovative method to generate multistyle interior design and videos with AI. First, this study created a new indoor dataset to train an AI that can generate a specified design style. Subsequently, video generation and super-resolution modules are integrated to establish an end-to-end workflow that generates interior design videos from texture-free 3D models. The proposed method utilizes AI to produce diverse interior design videos directly, thus replacing the tedious tasks of texture selection, lighting arrangement, and video rendering in traditional design processes. The research results indicate that the proposed method can effectively provide diverse interior design videos, thereby enriching design presentation and improving design efficiency. Additionally, the proposed workflow is versatile and scalable, thus holding significant reference value for transforming traditional design toward intelligence.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)
Open AccessArticle
Seismic Response of the Continuous Rigid-Framed Bridge with Super-High Piers Based on Shaking Table Tests
by
Xiao-Yu Yan, Zhuo Zhao, Shan-Shan Cao, Ya-Fen Zhang and Cong-Hui Liu
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061527 - 24 May 2024
Abstract
Continuous rigid-framed bridges with super-high piers (CRFB-HP) have been widely applied in mountain areas. However, their seismic performance is still urgently to be clarified. In this study, the refined finite element model (FEM) of a CRFB-HP was constructed and verified according to the
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Continuous rigid-framed bridges with super-high piers (CRFB-HP) have been widely applied in mountain areas. However, their seismic performance is still urgently to be clarified. In this study, the refined finite element model (FEM) of a CRFB-HP was constructed and verified according to the shaking table test results of its scaled model. On this basis, systematic elastic‒plastic time history analysis of the CRFB-HP was conducted to investigate the influence of parameters on their seismic performance, including main bridge span, pier height and number of tie beams. The results show that CRFB-HP have the characteristic of long vibration periods and are more sensitive to long-period ground motions. Along the longitudinal and transverse directions, the peak pier top displacement and pier bottom bending moment of CRFB-HP are both relatively large under NLPL (+20%~+70%) and NFPT (TP ≈ T1, +50%~+120%) excitations. For the same span, the peak pier top displacement increases with the pier height increasing, while the peak pier bottom bending moment decreases with the pier height increasingFor the same pier height, the peak pier top displacement and peak pier bottom bending moment both increase with the span length increasing. Moreover, the pier height change has a greater effect on the pier top displacement than that of the span change. CRFB-HP show obvious high-order response participation (HRP) under different ground motions. The NFPT (TP ≈ T1,) ground motions can significantly increase HRP. Moreover, compared with cast-in-place CRFB-HP, the HRP of a fabricated super-high pier is greater (+20%~+30%). The peak pier top displacement and pier bottom bending moment both decrease with the increase in the number of tie beams. The reasonable arrangement of tie beams can improve the lateral seismic performance of CRFB-HP. However, compared to the cast-in-place CRFB-HP, the peak pier top displacement is larger, and the peak pier bottom bending moment is smaller, for the fabricated CRFB-HP.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Vibration Control Research)
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