Journal Description
Processes
Processes
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on processes/systems in chemistry, biology, material, energy, environment, food, pharmaceutical, manufacturing, automation control, catalysis, separation, particle and allied engineering fields published monthly online by MDPI. The Systems and Control Division of the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering (CSChE S&C Division) and the Brazilian Association of Chemical Engineering (ABEQ) are affiliated with Processes and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges. Please visit Society Collaborations for more details.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, Inspec, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Chemical) / CiteScore - Q2 (Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.5 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022)
Latest Articles
Study of Draft Tube Optimization Using a Neural Network Surrogate Model for Micro-Francis Turbines Utilized in the Water Supply System of High-Rise Buildings
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061128 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
With the increasing popularity of clean energy, the use of micro turbines to recover surplus energy in the water supply pipelines of high-rise buildings has attracted more attention. This study adopts a predictor model based on Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) to
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With the increasing popularity of clean energy, the use of micro turbines to recover surplus energy in the water supply pipelines of high-rise buildings has attracted more attention. This study adopts a predictor model based on Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) to optimize the draft tube shape for micro-Francis turbines. The predictor model is formed on a dataset provided by numerical simulations, which are validated by lab tests. Specifically, numerical investigations are carried out in the shape of a draft tube to determine an optimal model. Additionally, the superiority of the RBFNN model in nonlinear optimization is verified by comparing it with other models under the same date sets. After that, the design parameters are optimized using RBFNN and sequential quadratic programming algorithm (SQPA). Finally, the turbine prototype is fabricated and tested on a lab test rig. The experimental results indicate that the numerical method adopted in this research is accurate enough for such a micro-Francis turbine performance prediction. Under the design conditions, the proposed micro-Francis turbine produces a power of 147 W with an efficiency of over 29%, which shows a considerable improvement compared to the initial prototype.
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(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
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Assessment of Wearable Cooling and Dehumidifying System Used under Personal Protective Clothing through Human Subject Testing
by
Yiying Zhou, Lun Lou and Jintu Fan
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061126 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Healthcare professionals wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) during outbreaks often experience heat strain and discomfort, which can negatively impact their work performance and well-being. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and psychological effects of a newly designed wearable cooling and dehumidifying system
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Healthcare professionals wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) during outbreaks often experience heat strain and discomfort, which can negatively impact their work performance and well-being. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and psychological effects of a newly designed wearable cooling and dehumidifying system (WCDS) on healthcare workers wearing PPE via a 60 min treadmill walking test. Core temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, and subjective assessments of thermal sensation, wetness sensation, and thermal comfort were measured throughout the test. Additionally, ratings of wearing comfort and movement comfort were recorded during a wearing trial. The results showed that the WCDS significantly reduced core temperature, improved thermal sensation, and reduced wetness sensation compared to the non-cooling condition. The microclimatic temperature within the PPE was significantly lower in the cooling condition, indicating the WCDS’s ability to reduce heat buildup. The wearing trial results demonstrated general satisfaction with the wearability and comfort of the WCDS across various postures. These findings contribute to the development of enhanced PPE designs and the improvement in working conditions for healthcare professionals on the frontlines during outbreaks.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Wearable Technology: Thermal Management and Energy Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental Analysis of the Mechanical Properties and Failure Behavior of Deep Coalbed Methane Reservoir Rocks
by
Haiyang Wang, Shugang Yang, Linpeng Zhang, Yunfeng Xiao, Xu Su, Wenqiang Yu and Desheng Zhou
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1125; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061125 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the mechanical characteristics of deep coalbed methane reservoir rocks (DCMRR) is crucial for the safe and efficient development of deep coalbed gas resources. In this study, the microstructural and mechanical features of the coal seam roof, floor, and the
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A comprehensive understanding of the mechanical characteristics of deep coalbed methane reservoir rocks (DCMRR) is crucial for the safe and efficient development of deep coalbed gas resources. In this study, the microstructural and mechanical features of the coal seam roof, floor, and the coal seam itself were analyzed through laboratory experiments. The impact mechanisms of drilling fluid and fracturing fluid hydration on the mechanical properties and failure behavior of coal seam rocks were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the main minerals in coal seams are clay and amorphous substances, with kaolinite being the predominant clay mineral component in coal seam rocks. The rock of the coal seam roof and floor exhibits strong elasticity and high compressive strength, while the rock in the coal seam section shows a lower compressive capacity with pronounced plastic deformation characteristics. The content of kaolinite shows a good correlation with the mechanical properties of DCMRR. As the kaolinite content increases, the strength of DCMRR gradually decreases, and deformability enhances. After immersion in drilling fluid and slickwater, the strength of coal seam rocks significantly decreases, leading to shear fracture zones and localized strong damage features after rock compression failure. The analysis of the mechanical properties of DCMRR suggests that the horizontal well trajectory should be close to the coal seam roof, and strong sealing agents should be added to drilling fluid to reduce the risk of wellbore collapse. Enhancing the hydration of slickwater is beneficial for the formation of a more complex fracture network in deep coalbed methane reservoir.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining and Unconventional Oil Exploration)
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Open AccessArticle
Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous Salt Cavern Underground Gas Storage Water Solution Cavity Model Study
by
Xueqi Cen, Xinggang Meng, Zongxiao Ren and Jiajun Cao
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061124 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2024
Abstract
In recent years, with the rapid development of salt cavern gas storage reservoir construction in China, the characteristics of salt rock reservoirs with strong non-homogeneity and many interlayers have brought challenges to the dynamic prediction of water solution cavity construction. Aiming to solve
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In recent years, with the rapid development of salt cavern gas storage reservoir construction in China, the characteristics of salt rock reservoirs with strong non-homogeneity and many interlayers have brought challenges to the dynamic prediction of water solution cavity construction. Aiming to solve this problem, this paper constructs a three-dimensional non-homogeneous salt cavern reservoir water-soluble cavity building prediction model, which takes into full consideration the non-homogeneity of salt rock reservoirs, interlayers, reservoir temperatures, and water injection process parameters, among other factors. By comparing the calculation results of the software compiled by the model with those of other numerical simulation software, we show that the model can accurately reflect the influence of geological parameters on the cavity morphology under the condition of non-uniform geological parameters, with higher simulation accuracy, and ultimately analyze individual examples. It can provide important theoretical support and practical guidance for the construction of a salt cavern gas storage reservoir.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Development of Macro-Encapsulated Phase-Change Material Using Composite of NaCl-Al2O3 with Characteristics of Self-Standing
by
Shenghao Liao, Xin Zhou, Xiaoyu Chen, Zhuoyu Li, Seiji Yamashita, Chaoyang Zhang and Hideki Kita
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061123 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2024
Abstract
Developing thermal storage materials is crucial for the efficient recovery of thermal energy. Salt-based phase-change materials have been widely studied. Despite their high thermal storage density and low cost, they still face issues such as low thermal conductivity and easy leaks. Therefore, a
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Developing thermal storage materials is crucial for the efficient recovery of thermal energy. Salt-based phase-change materials have been widely studied. Despite their high thermal storage density and low cost, they still face issues such as low thermal conductivity and easy leaks. Therefore, a new type of NaCl-Al2O3@SiC@Al2O3 macrocapsule was developed to address these drawbacks, and it exhibited excellent rapid heat storage and release capabilities and was extremely stable, significantly reducing the risk of leakage at high temperatures for industrial waste heat recovery and in concentrated solar power systems above 800 °C. Thermal storage macrocapsules consisted of a double-layer encapsulation of silicon carbide and alumina and a self-standing core of NaCl-Al2O3. After enduring over 1000 h at a high temperature of 850 °C, the encapsulated phase-change material exhibited an extremely low weight loss rate of less than 5% compared with NaCl@Al2O3 and NaCl-Al2O3@Al2O3 macrocapsules, for which the weight loss rate was reduced by 25% and 10%, respectively, proving their excellent leakage prevention. The SiC powder layer, serving as an intermediate coating, further prevented leakage, while the use of Al2O3 ceramics for encapsulation enhanced the overall mechanical strength. It was innovatively discovered that the Al2O3 particles formed a network structure around the molten NaCl, playing an important role in maintaining the shape and preventing leakage of the composite thermal storage phase-change material. Furthermore, the addition of Al2O3 significantly enhanced the rapid heat storage and release rate of NaCl-Al2O3 compared to pure NaCl. This encapsulated phase-change material demonstrated outstanding durability and rapid heat storage and release performance, offering an innovative approach to the application of salt phase-change materials in the field of high temperature rapid heat storage and release and encapsulating NaCl as a high-temperature thermal storage material in a packed bed system. Compared with conventional salt-based phase-change materials, the developed product is expected to significantly improve the reliability and thermal efficiency of thermal storage systems.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Phase-Change Materials for High-Temperature Heat Storage)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Bioprocess Design and Evaluation of Hydrothermal Hydrolysates from Sargassum sp. for Enhancing Arthrospira platensis Growth and Protein Content
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Alejandra Cabello-Galindo, Rosa M. Rodríguez-Jasso, Gabriela Cid-Ibarra, K. D. González-Gloria, Ruth Belmares, Mayela Govea-Salas, Luciane Maria Colla and Héctor A. Ruiz
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061122 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2024
Abstract
The proliferation of Sargassum biomass in various coastal areas has led to environmental and socio-economic problems. However, due to their unique composition, these biomasses offer versatile applications, prompting research into their potential in third-generation biorefineries. In this study, the hydrothermal processing of Sargassum
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The proliferation of Sargassum biomass in various coastal areas has led to environmental and socio-economic problems. However, due to their unique composition, these biomasses offer versatile applications, prompting research into their potential in third-generation biorefineries. In this study, the hydrothermal processing of Sargassum sp. was evaluated under specific conditions at 190 °C/50 min and 150 °C/30 min. The resulting hydrolysates (liquid phase) were used as alternative culture media for cultivation. Nine treatments for the cultivation of Arthrospira platensis were assessed, varying the concentration of hydrothermal hydrolysates (HH) at 190 °C/50 min: T1 (5% v/v), T2 (10% v/v), and T3 (15% v/v). T4 (5% v/v), T5 (10% v/v), and T6 (15% v/v), maintaining the same HH conditions, and with the addition of 0.7 g/L NaNO3; and treatments T7, T8, and T9 had concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% of HH, respectively, at 150 °C/30 min with the addition of 0.7 g/L NaNO3, respectively. Each treatment was inoculated with 15% (v/v) of A. platensis. Growth kinetics were performed by sampling every three days for 24 days. Quantification of soluble proteins was performed for the best conditions of biomass production. The microalgae demonstrated the ability to grow under mixotrophic medium conditions and to utilize the available carbon sources in the culture medium. Treatment 4 has the highest biomass, with an Xmax (g/L) of 1.94 ± 0.06 and a protein production of 24.17 ± 0.86% (w/w). Therefore, this microalgal biomass can be used in the food matrix according to the biorefinery concept.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction, Exploitation and Application of Algae Biomass)
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Open AccessArticle
A Fractional Creep Model for Deep Coal Based on Conformable Derivative Considering Thermo-Mechanical Damage
by
Lei Zhang, Chunwang Zhang, Ke Hu, Senlin Xie, Wenhao Jia and Lei Song
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061121 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2024
Abstract
In deep high-geostress and high-temperature environments, understanding the creep deformation of deep coal is of great significance for effectively controlling coal deformation and improving gas control efficiency. In this paper, the Abel dashpot is defined based on the conformable derivative, and a damage
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In deep high-geostress and high-temperature environments, understanding the creep deformation of deep coal is of great significance for effectively controlling coal deformation and improving gas control efficiency. In this paper, the Abel dashpot is defined based on the conformable derivative, and a damage variable is introduced into the conformable derivative order, thereby constructing a damaged Abel dashpot. Combining the Weibull distribution and the Drucker–Prager yield criterion, the thermo-mechanical coupling damage variable is defined, and the coupling damage variable is introduced into the damaged Abel dashpot to establish a thermo-mechanical coupling damaged Abel dashpot. Based on the traditional framework of the Burgers creep model, a three-dimensional fractional creep model of deep coal considering the influence of thermo-mechanical coupling damage is proposed. Experimental data on coal creep under different temperatures and stress conditions are utilized to validate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed three-dimensional fractional creep model and to determine the model parameters. A comparison between experimental data and model results reveals that the creep model effectively characterizes the time-dependent deformation of coal samples under varying temperature and stress influences. Additionally, an in-depth analysis is carried out on the influence mechanism of key parameters in the creep model, particularly focusing on the effects of stress levels and temperature on creep deformation.
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(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Research and Application of Non-Steady-State CO2 Huff-n-Puff Oil Recovery Technology in High-Water-Cut and Low-Permeability Reservoirs
by
Zhenjun Wang, Zhufeng Wang, Wenli Luo, Songkai Li, Shisheng Liang, Xianfeng Wang, Xiaohu Xue, Naikun Tu and Shudong He
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061120 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
In response to the issues of poor water flooding efficiency, low oil production rates, and low recovery rates during the high-water-cut period in the low-permeability reservoirs of the Mutou Oilfield, the non-steady-state (NSS) CO2 huff-n-puff oil recovery technology was explored. The NSS
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In response to the issues of poor water flooding efficiency, low oil production rates, and low recovery rates during the high-water-cut period in the low-permeability reservoirs of the Mutou Oilfield, the non-steady-state (NSS) CO2 huff-n-puff oil recovery technology was explored. The NSS CO2 huff-n-puff can improve the development effect of low-permeability reservoirs by replenishing the reservoir energy and significantly increasing the crude oil mobility. Experimental investigations were carried out, including a crude oil and CO2–crude oil swelling experiment, minimum miscibility pressure testing experiment, high-temperature and high-pressure microfluidic experiment, and NSS CO2 huff-n-puff oil recovery on-site pilot test. The experimental results showed that the main mechanisms of NSS CO2 huff-n-puff include dissolution, expansion, viscosity reduction, and swept volume enlargement, which can effectively mobilize the remaining oil from the various pore throats within the reservoir. The high-temperature and high-pressure microfluidic experiment achieved an ultimate recovery rate of 83.1% for NSS CO2 huff-n-puff, which was 7.9% higher than the rate of 75.2% obtained for steady injection. This method can effectively utilize the remaining oil in the corners and edges, enlarge the swept volume, and increase the recovery rate. Field trials of NSS CO2 huff-n-puff in a low-permeability reservoir in the Mutou Oilfield indicated that it cumulatively increased the oil production by 1134.5 tons. The achieved results and insights were systematically analyzed and could provide key technical support for the application of NSS CO2 huff-n-puff technology in low-permeability reservoirs, promoting the innovative development of this technology.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU) - 2nd Volume)
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Y2O3 Content on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Laser Cladding Layer of Stellite-6 Alloy
by
Kun Xia, Aixin Feng and Zhuolun Ye
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061119 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
Laser cladding technology is an effective surface modification technique. In order to prepare coating with excellent properties on the surface of the cold heading die punch, stellite-6 cladding coating with different proportions of Y2O3 was prepared on the surface of
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Laser cladding technology is an effective surface modification technique. In order to prepare coating with excellent properties on the surface of the cold heading die punch, stellite-6 cladding coating with different proportions of Y2O3 was prepared on the surface of W6Mo5Cr4V2 high-speed steel using laser cladding technology in this paper. The effects of different Y2O3 contents on the macroscopic morphology, microstructure, phase analysis, microhardness, and tribological properties of the stellite-6 coatings were investigated. It was determined that the optimal Y2O3 content for the stellite-6 powder was 2%. The results showed that the coating with 2%Y2O3 had the least number of pores and cracks and exhibited good surface flatness when joined. The microstructure became finer and denser, composed mainly of branch, cellular, equiaxed, and columnar grains. The coating consisted mainly of γ-Co, Fe-Cr, and Co3Fe7 strengthening phases, indicating good metallurgical bonding between the coating and the substrate. The average microhardness reached 539 HV when 2%Y2O3 was added, a 15.2% increase compared with the unmodified multilayer coating. The friction coefficient of the clad layer was 0.356, a 21.8% improvement over the unmodified stellite-6 coating. The average worn area of the cross-section was 3398.35 μm2, a reduction of approximately 27.8% compared with the unmodified stellite-6 clad layer. The wear surface primarily exhibited abrasive wear, with fewer cavities and a smoother surface.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Processing, Surface and Coatings Technology of Metal Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
Study on Pyrolysis Behavior of Avermectin Mycelial Residues and Characterization of Obtained Gas, Liquid, and Biochar
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Shuangxia Yang, Jianjun Hou, Lei Chen, Feixia Yang, Tianjin Li, Laizhi Sun and Dongliang Hua
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061118 - 29 May 2024
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The proper disposal of antibiotic mycelial residue (AMR) is a critical concern due to the spread of antibiotics and environmental pollution. Pyrolysis emerges as a promising technology for AMR treatment. In this study, we investigated the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the thermal
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The proper disposal of antibiotic mycelial residue (AMR) is a critical concern due to the spread of antibiotics and environmental pollution. Pyrolysis emerges as a promising technology for AMR treatment. In this study, we investigated the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the thermal decomposition behavior and product characteristics of avermectin (AV) mycelial residues. Various characterization techniques were employed to analyze thoroughly the compositions and yields of the obtained gas, liquid, and biochar products. The results indicated that most of the organic matter such as protein, carbohydrate, and aliphatic compounds in AV mycelial residues decomposed intensely at 322 °C and tended to end at 700 °C, with a total weight loss of up to 72.6 wt%. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the biochar yield decreased from 32.81 wt% to 26.39 wt% because of the enhanced degradation of volatiles and secondary reactions of the formed aromatic rings. Accordingly, more gas components were formed with the gas yield increased from 9.76 wt% to 15.42 wt%. For bio-oil, the contents were maintained in the range of 57.43–60.13 wt%. CO and CO2 dominated the gas components with a high total content of almost 62.37–97.54 vol%. At the same time, abundant acids, esters (42.99–48.85%), and nitrogen-containing compounds (32.14–38.70%) such as nitriles, amides, and nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds were detected for the obtained bio-oil. As for the obtained biochars, particle accumulation and irregular pores were presented on their bulk surface, which was primarily composed of calcium oxalate (CaC2O4) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This work can provide theoretical insights for the harmless disposal and resource recovery for AMR, contributing significantly to the field of solid waste reuse and management.
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Open AccessReview
Mechanism and Model Analysis of Ultralow-Temperature Fluid Fracturing in Low-Permeability Reservoir: Insights from Liquid Nitrogen Fracturing
by
Haifeng Wang, Yunbo Li, Dangyu Song, Meng Lin, Xingxin Guo and Xiaowei Shi
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061117 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
Ultralow-temperature fluids (such as liquid nitrogen, liquid CO2) are novel waterless fracturing technologies designed for dry, water-sensitive reservoirs. Due to their ultralow temperatures, high compression ratios, strong frost heaving forces, and low viscosities, they offer a solution for enhancing the fracturing
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Ultralow-temperature fluids (such as liquid nitrogen, liquid CO2) are novel waterless fracturing technologies designed for dry, water-sensitive reservoirs. Due to their ultralow temperatures, high compression ratios, strong frost heaving forces, and low viscosities, they offer a solution for enhancing the fracturing and permeability of low-permeability reservoirs. In this study, we focus on the combined effects of high-pressure fluid rock breaking, low-temperature freeze-thaw fracturing, and liquid-gas phase transformation expansion on coal-rock in low-permeability reservoirs during liquid nitrogen fracturing (LNF). We systematically analyze the factors that limit the LNF effectiveness, and we discuss the pore fracture process induced by low-temperature fracturing in coal-rock and its impact on the permeability. Based on this analysis, we propose a model and flow for fracturing low-permeability reservoirs with low-temperature fluids. The analysis suggests that the Leidenfrost effect and phase change after ultralow-temperature fluids enter the coal support the theoretical feasibility of high-pressure fluid rock breaking. The thermal impact and temperature exchange rate between the fluid and coal determine the temperature difference gradient, which directly affects the mismatch deformation and fracture development scale of different coal-rock structures. The low-temperature phase change coupling fracturing of ultralow-temperature fluids is the key to the formation of reservoir fracture networks. The coal-rock components, natural fissures, temperature difference gradients, and number of cycles are the key factors in low-temperature fracturing. In contrast to those in conventional hydraulic fracturing, the propagation and interaction of fractures under low-temperature conditions involve multifield coupling and synergistic temperature, fluid flow, fracture development, and stress distribution processes. The key factors determining the feasibility of the large-scale application of ultralow-temperature fluid fracturing in the future are the reconstruction of fracture networks and the enhancement of the permeability response in low-permeability reservoirs. Based on these considerations, we propose a model and process for LNF in low-permeability reservoirs. The research findings presented herein provide theoretical insights and practical guidance for understanding waterless fracturing mechanisms in deep reservoirs.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploration, Exploitation and Utilization of Coal and Gas Resources)
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Open AccessArticle
Bacteriostatic Activity of Janthinobacterium lividum and Purified Violacein Fraction against Clavibacter michiganensis
by
Nikita S. Lyakhovchenko, Viktoria A. Efimova, Evgeniy S. Seliverstov, Alexander A. Anis’kov and Inna P. Solyanikova
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061116 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis causes plant diseases and is included in the list of microorganisms subject to export control. Janthinobacterium lividum is capable of synthesizing a pigment with antagonistic potential. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the activity of J. lividum VKM B-3705D
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Clavibacter michiganensis causes plant diseases and is included in the list of microorganisms subject to export control. Janthinobacterium lividum is capable of synthesizing a pigment with antagonistic potential. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the activity of J. lividum VKM B-3705D and the pigment fraction against C. michiganensis VKM Ac-1402. The results of spectrophotometric and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that the pigment synthesized by the J. lividum VKM B-3705D corresponds to violacein. The J. lividum strain demonstrated potential bacteriostatic activity against C. michiganensis VKM Ac-1402 when both strains were co-cultured. Compared to the control (DMSO), the violacein solution suppressed the specific growth of Clavibacter by 57.7%. The mechanism of suppression of the growth of Clavibacter is discussed. One of the ways to suppress the growth of C. michiganensis may be the inhibition of key enzymes. Violacein inhibited the activity of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase, EC 3.6.1.3) compared to the control (DMSO) by 23.2%. Thus, the current study of the bacteriostatic effect may be a decisive step towards the development of a plant protection product.
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(This article belongs to the Section Biological Processes and Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Sustainable Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Biochar for the Sorptive Removal of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) from Water
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Anand Kumar Yadav, Abhishek Kumar Chaubey, Shivang Kapoor, Tej Pratap, Brahmacharimayum Preetiva, Vineet Vimal and Dinesh Mohan
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061115 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The unregulated discharge of synthetic dyes from various anthropogenic and industrial activities has resulted in the contamination of different environmental compartments. These dyes can contaminate water bodies, soil, and even the air, resulting in many environmental and health issues. True colors may persist
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The unregulated discharge of synthetic dyes from various anthropogenic and industrial activities has resulted in the contamination of different environmental compartments. These dyes can contaminate water bodies, soil, and even the air, resulting in many environmental and health issues. True colors may persist for long periods, thereby affecting the aesthetics and ecology of dye-contaminated areas. Furthermore, they pose potential risks to aquatic life and human health through the ingestion or absorption of dye-contaminated water or food. Acid orange 7 (AO7) is a synthetic azo dye used in the textile, tanning, food, pharmaceutical, paint, electronics, cosmetics, and paper and pulp industries. AO7 can have various human health implications, such as dermatitis, nausea, severe headache, respiratory tract irritation, and bone marrow depletion, due to its high toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. Efforts to regulate and mitigate dye pollution (AO7) are crucial for environmental sustainability and public health. Therefore, this study aimed to remove AO7 from water using sustainable biochar. This objective was accomplished by pyrolyzing dried Napier grass at 700 °C to develop affordable and sustainable Napier grass biochar (NGBC700). The developed biochar was characterized for its surface morphology, surface functional groups, surface area, and elemental composition. The yield, moisture content, and ash content of the NGBC700 were approximately 31%, 6%, and 21%, respectively. The NGBC700’s BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) surface area was 108 . Batch sorption studies were carried out at different pH levels (2–10), biochar dosages (1, 2, 3, and 4 ), and AO7 concentrations (10, 20, and 30 . The kinetic data were better fitted to the pseudo-second-order (PSO) equation (R2 = 0.964–0.997) than the pseudo-first-order (PFO) equation (R2 = 0.789–0.988). The Freundlich isotherm equation (R2 = 0.965–0.994) fitted the sorption equilibrium data better than the Langmuir equation (R2 = 0.788–0.987), suggesting AO7 sorption on heterogenous NGBC700. The maximum monolayer AO7 adsorption capacities of the NGBC700 were 14.3, 12.7, and 8.4 at 10, 25, and 40 °C, respectively. The column AO7 sorption capacity was 4.4. Fixed-bed AO7 sorption data were fitted to the Thomas and Yoon–Nelson column models. The NGBC700 efficiently removed AO7 from locally available dye-laden wastewater. NGBC700 was regenerated using different NaOH concentrations. Possible interactions contributing to AO7 sorption on NGBC700 include hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and π–π electron donor–acceptor attractions. The estimated total preparation cost of NGBC700 was US$ 6.02 kg−1. The developed sustainable NGBC700 is potentially cost-effective and environmentally friendly, and it utilizes waste (Napier grass) to eliminate fatal AO7 dye from aqueous media.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biochar in Environmental Research)
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Open AccessArticle
Electrochemical Polishing Method for Titanium Alloys with a Microgroove Structure
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Xu Wang, Yekun Wang, Xuanda Shao, Kaiyao Zhou, Qianfa Deng, Zewei Yuan and Binghai Lyu
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061114 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
TI–6AL–4V alloys are widely used in various fields owing to their excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature resistance, and low-temperature toughness. Herein, a microgroove fixture was used to simulate the microgrooves in a titanium alloy with different aspect ratios to study the influence of the
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TI–6AL–4V alloys are widely used in various fields owing to their excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature resistance, and low-temperature toughness. Herein, a microgroove fixture was used to simulate the microgrooves in a titanium alloy with different aspect ratios to study the influence of the electrolyte flow rate on the polishing effect. The optimization of the electrochemical polishing parameters was conducted using experiments and simulations. The effects of process parameters, such as the concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2), polishing time, and processing voltage, on the quality of the post-polished surface were studied. Experiments were conducted on microgrooves with different aspect ratios under the optimized polishing process parameters. Changes in the surface elements of the microgrooves after polishing were detected. The experimental results indicated that the optimal electrochemical polishing solution flow rate, NaCl concentration, ZnCl2 concentration, polishing time, and processing voltage were 0.2 m/s, 4.0 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 8 min, and 90 V, respectively. After 8 min of electrochemical polishing, a TiO2 passivation film was formed on the surface of the microgroove. The surface roughness of the notch and bottom of the microgroove decreased from 250 nm to below 40 nm, with a minimum of 24.5 nm.
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(This article belongs to the Section Particle Processes)
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Open AccessArticle
Study on the Evolution of Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Black at Different Regeneration Stages of Diesel Particulate Filters Regenerated by Non-Thermal Plasma
by
Yong Luo, Yunxi Shi, Kaiqi Zhuang, Ruirui Ji, Xulong Chen, Yankang Huang, Zhe Wang, Yixi Cai and Xiaohua Li
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061113 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
As a new type of aftertreatment technology, non-thermal plasma (NTP) can effectively decompose the particulate matter (PM) deposited in diesel particulate filters (DPFs). In this paper, a regeneration test of a DPF loaded with carbon black was carried out using an NTP injection
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As a new type of aftertreatment technology, non-thermal plasma (NTP) can effectively decompose the particulate matter (PM) deposited in diesel particulate filters (DPFs). In this paper, a regeneration test of a DPF loaded with carbon black was carried out using an NTP injection system, and the changes of oxidative activity, elemental content, and occurrence state, microstructure and graphitization degree of carbon black were analyzed to reveal the evolution of the physicochemical properties of carbon black at different regeneration stages of the DPF regenerated by NTP. As the regeneration stage of the DPF advanced, Ti, Tmax, and Te of the carbon black at the bottom of the DPF decreased, which were higher than those at the regeneration interface. After the NTP reaction, the proportion of C element decreased to less than 80%, while the proportion of O element increased to more than 20%; C-O was converted to C=O and the relative content of C=O increased. The average microcrystalline length and average spacing decreased, while the average microcrystalline curvature increased. The ID1/IG (relative peak intensities) of carbon black samples decreased from 3.31 to 3.10, and the R3 (relative peak intensities, R3 = ID3/(IG+ ID2 + ID3)) increased from 0.41 to 0.58. The content of carbon clusters had a great influence on the disorder of the microcrystalline structure, so the graphitization degree of carbon black decreased and the oxidation activity increased.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System, 2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Actinobacterial Isolates in Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate
by
Dzunani Mabasa, Amrita Ranjan, Marilize Le Roes-Hill, Thandekile Mthethwa and Pamela Jean Welz
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061112 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers are environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional plastics. In support of a circular bioeconomy, they can be produced by growing microbial strains in waste materials, including lignocellulosic biomass, such as Canola fines (straw). In this study, PHA and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production
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Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers are environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional plastics. In support of a circular bioeconomy, they can be produced by growing microbial strains in waste materials, including lignocellulosic biomass, such as Canola fines (straw). In this study, PHA and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by a selection of seven wild-type actinobacterial strains, including three strains of Gordonia species, were assessed. When grown in defined media and hydrolysates of Canola fines, the highest amounts of PHB were produced by Nocardia gamkensis CZH20T (0.0476 mg/mL) and Gordonia lacunae BS2T (0.0479 mg/mL), respectively. Six strains exhibited a substrate preference for cellobiose over glucose, xylose, and arabinose in the hydrolysates. Analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated that the strains produced co-polymers of short- and medium-chain-length PHAs. None of the core phaABC genes were found on defined operons in the genomes of the top PHB-producing strains (all Gordonia strains, N. gamkensis CZH20T, and Streptomyces sp. strain HMC19). The Gordonia strains all harbored three phaA genes, a single phaB gene, and, with the exception of strain BG1.3 (with two predicted phaC genes), a single phaC gene. Predictive analyses of the proteins likely to be translated from the phaC genes revealed PhaC proteins of 37.7–39.2 kDa from Gordonia sp. strain BG1.3, G. lacunae BS2T, and N. gamkensis CZH20T; PhaC proteins of 106.5–107 kDa from Gordonia sp. strain JC51; and the second PhaC from Gordonia sp. strain BG1.3 and N. gamkensis CZH20T, possibly representing a new class of PHA synthases.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomass Pretreatment and Conversion Processes)
Open AccessReview
Recent Advances in Biochar: Synthesis Techniques, Properties, Applications, and Hydrogen Production
by
Evan D. Visser, Ntalane S. Seroka and Lindiwe Khotseng
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061111 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The field of material sciences has evolved vastly in the last two decades, largely due to the discovery of carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and its derivatives. Although they offer positive characteristics, the cost of production and material processing of these carbon nanomaterials
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The field of material sciences has evolved vastly in the last two decades, largely due to the discovery of carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and its derivatives. Although they offer positive characteristics, the cost of production and material processing of these carbon nanomaterials has limited their application. However, scientists have started searching for cheaper and more environmentally friendly alternatives. Biochar, a carbonaceous material derived from biowaste, is the most viable alternative, as it offers characteristics on par with traditional carbon nanomaterials. This review will discuss the production of biochar from biomass, methods of production, the effects various conditions have on the production of biochar, biomass selection, current biochar applications, and the potential biochar has to produce hydrogen as an energy carrier.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green and Sustainable Chemistry of Waste Conversion in Circular Economy: Challenges and Perspectives)
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Organic Waste for Bioelectricity Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells: Effects of Feed Physicochemical Characteristics
by
Shubham Arun Parwate, Wenchao Xue, Thammarat Koottatep and Abdul Salam
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061110 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Food waste (FW), piggery waste (PW), and activated sludge (AS) were investigated as potential organic feeds for bioelectricity generation in laboratory-scale microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The MFCs fed by FW gained the highest maximum power density at 7.25 W/m3, followed by
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Food waste (FW), piggery waste (PW), and activated sludge (AS) were investigated as potential organic feeds for bioelectricity generation in laboratory-scale microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The MFCs fed by FW gained the highest maximum power density at 7.25 W/m3, followed by those fed by PW at 3.86 W/m3 and AS at 1.54 W/m3. The tCOD removal in the FW-, PW-, and AS-MFCs reached 76.9%, 63.9%, and 55.22%, respectively, within a 30-day retention time. Food waste, which resulted in the highest power density and tCOD removal, was selected for a series of following tests to investigate the effects of some physicochemical properties of organic feed on the performance of MFCs. The effect of feed particle size was tested with three controlled size ranges (i.e., 3, 1, and <1 mm) in MFCs. A smaller feed particle size provided a higher power density of 7.25 W/m3 and a tCOD removal of 76.9% compared to the MFCs fed with organic waste with a larger particle size. An increment in feed moisture from 70% to 90% improved the maximum power density from 7.2 to 8.5 W/m3, with a 17.5% enhancement, and improved the tCOD removal from 75.8% to 83.3%, with a 10.0% enhancement. A moderate C/N ratio of approximately 30/1 maximized the power density and COD removal (7.25 W/m3 and 81.73%) in the MFCs compared to C/N ratios of 20/1 (4.0 W/m3 and 64.14%) and 45/1 (4.38 W/m3 and 71.34%).
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Value-Added Products from Waste)
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Open AccessArticle
Modifications on the Processing Parameters of Traditional Pineapple Slices by Stabilized Sound Pressure of Multiple Frequency Ultrasonic-Assisted Osmotic Dehydration
by
Yu-Wen Lin, Yueh-An Yao, Da-Wei Huang, Chung-Jen Chen and Ping-Hsiu Huang
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061109 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
This study investigated the practical feasibility of synergistically and optimally applying ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration (UAOD) practices for the pineapple slice picking process (in sugar osmotic solution), with potential implications for improving current practices. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of
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This study investigated the practical feasibility of synergistically and optimally applying ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration (UAOD) practices for the pineapple slice picking process (in sugar osmotic solution), with potential implications for improving current practices. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of different treatment conditions of single (40 and 80 kHz)/multiple (40/80 kHz) frequencies, output powers (300, 450, and 600 W), and treatment time (5–40 min) at 30, 45, and 60 °Brix applied, respectively, on the pineapple slices picking process. The sound pressure of the UA was also measured to confirm that it provided the corresponding effect stably under different conditions. The ideal UAOD operating condition for pineapple slices is a 45 °Brix sugar osmotic solution, with frequency multiplexing at 40/80 kHz and an output power of 450 W for 25 min, which yields the optimal solids gain (SG) rate of 7.58%. The above results of this study indicated that UAOD could improve the accelerated quality transfer of pineapple slices and enhance the final product quality, thereby increasing the efficiency of the dehydration process and saving processing costs and time.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drying Kinetics and Quality Control in Food Processing, 2nd Edition)
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Target Tracking Two Degrees of Freedom State Feedback Control for Continuous Flow Microfluidic Chips Temperature Controller
by
Yuqi Jiang, Yang Liu, Yuxiong Xue, Wei Jiang and Seiji Hashimoto
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061108 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Microfluidic chips represent a cutting-edge technology for manipulating fluids within micrometer-scale spaces and are gradually becoming a new favorite platform in life science research. Precise and fast zonal temperature control is essential for accelerating biological experiments. However, current multi-channel temperature controllers typically rely
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Microfluidic chips represent a cutting-edge technology for manipulating fluids within micrometer-scale spaces and are gradually becoming a new favorite platform in life science research. Precise and fast zonal temperature control is essential for accelerating biological experiments. However, current multi-channel temperature controllers typically rely on multiple channel sets to achieve single set-point control, which results in discrepancies between the fluid temperature distribution and sensor temperature due to the distributed temperature field in the fluid channel. To estimate the actual temperature and implement gradient temperature control, this paper introduces an extension of the target tracking (TT) two degrees of freedom (2DOF) state feedback control (SFC) method, followed by a presentation of simulation and experimental results. Through comparisons with an enhanced PID system in both simulation and experimentation, the paper demonstrates an 8.96% reduction in the maximum temperature difference across different regions and a 27.89% decrease in the time taken to reach various temperatures. This solution effectively addresses the existing challenges in temperature control for microfluidic chips, offering a more precise and stable control within the desired temperature range.
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(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Digital and Other Processes)
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