Journal Description
Polymers
Polymers
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of polymer science published semimonthly online by MDPI. Belgian Polymer Group (BPG), European Colloid & Interface Society (ECIS), National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) and North American Thermal Analysis Society (NATAS) are affiliated with Polymers and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, PubMed, PMC, FSTA, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Polymer Science) / CiteScore - Q1 (Polymers and Plastics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in MDPI journals, in appreciation of the work.
- Testimonials: See what our authors and editors say about Polymers.
Impact Factor:
5.0 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.0 (2022)
Latest Articles
Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties of Highly Flexible Poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate)/PEDOT:PSS Films Fabricated by Latex Technology
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1565; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111565 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
As the use of stretchable electronic devices increases, the importance of flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding films is emerging. In this study, a highly flexible shielding film was fabricated using poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) (p(St-co-BA)) latex as a matrix and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a conductive
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As the use of stretchable electronic devices increases, the importance of flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding films is emerging. In this study, a highly flexible shielding film was fabricated using poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) (p(St-co-BA)) latex as a matrix and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a conductive filler, and then the mechanical properties and EMI shielding performance of the film were examined. Styrene and butyl acrylate were copolymerized to lower the high glass transition temperature and increase the ductility of brittle polystyrene. The latex blending technique was used to produce a shielding film in which the aqueous filler dispersion was uniformly dispersed in the emulsion polymerized resin. To determine the phase change in the copolymer matrix with temperature, the storage modulus was measured, and a time–temperature superposition master curve was constructed. The drying temperature of water-based copolymer resin suitable for film fabrication was set based on this curve. The glass transition temperature and flexibility of the blends were determined by evaluating the thermomechanical analysis and tensile tests. The EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of the films was analyzed at frequencies from 50 MHz to 1.5 GHz, covering the VHF and UHF ranges. As the filler content increased, the SE of the blend film increased, but the elongation increased until a certain content and then decreased. The optimal content of PEDOT:PSS that satisfied both the ductility and shielding performance of the film was found to be 10 wt%. In this case, the elongation at break reached 300%, and the SE of a 1.6 mm thick film was about 35 dB. The film developed in this study can be used as an EMI shielding material that requires high flexibility.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Membranes and Films)
Open AccessArticle
Efficient Alcoholysis of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) by Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as a Green Solvent
by
Yiwei Xu, Ran Cui, Yuqing Han, Jie Jiang, Dongdong Hu, Ling Zhao and Zhenhao Xi
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1564; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111564 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
In order to reduce the environmental impact of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) plastic waste, supercritical fluids were used to facilitate effective recovery via improved solvent effects. This work focuses on the mechanisms of supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) during the alcoholysis processing of
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In order to reduce the environmental impact of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) plastic waste, supercritical fluids were used to facilitate effective recovery via improved solvent effects. This work focuses on the mechanisms of supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) during the alcoholysis processing of PET using systematic experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results of the alcoholysis experiment indicated that PET chips can be completely depolymerized within only an hour at 473 K assisted with ScCO2 at an optimal molar ratio of CO2/ethanol of 0.2. Random scission of PET dominates the early stage of the depolymerization reaction process, while specific scission dominates the following stage. Correspondingly, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that the solubilization and self-diffusion properties of ScCO2 facilitate the transportation of alcohol molecules into the bulk phase of PET, which leads to an accelerated diffusion of both oligomers and small molecules in the system. However, the presence of excessive CO2 has a negative impact on depolymerization by weakening the hydrogen bonding between polyester chain segments and ethanol, as well as decreasing the swelling degree of PET. These data provide a deep understanding of PET degradation by alcohols and the enhancement of ScCO2. It should be expected to achieve an efficient and high-yield depolymerization process of wasted polyesters assisted with ScCO2 at a relatively low temperature.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradation and Stabilization of Polymer Materials 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Gelatin and Collagen from Sheepskin
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Andrea Marie E. Matinong, Kim L. Pickering, Mark R. Waterland, Yusuf Chisti and Richard G. Haverkamp
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1563; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111563 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Abattoirs dispose of sheepskins as solid waste due to low price and poor demand for sheepskin leather. In principle, as an alternative to being disposed of in landfill, sheepskins can serve as a source of the protein collagen or the hydrolysis product, gelatin.
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Abattoirs dispose of sheepskins as solid waste due to low price and poor demand for sheepskin leather. In principle, as an alternative to being disposed of in landfill, sheepskins can serve as a source of the protein collagen or the hydrolysis product, gelatin. In this research, sheepskins collected from abattoirs were used as a source of collagen. Three extraction methods were compared: acid extraction, acid with enzymes, and alkali extraction. The extracted material was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The collagen and gelatin extraction yield ranged from 3.1% to 4.8% with the product purity determined by hydroxyproline, ranging from 7.8% for the alkali process to 59% and 68% for the acid and acid-enzyme processes. SDS PAGE showed that the acid process produced fragments with molecular weights in the range 100 to >250 kDa, while acid–enzyme resulted in smaller fragments, below 30 kDa. The FTIR region of the amide I band at 1800–1550 cm−1, which was used as an indicator of the collagen and gelatin content, showed that the gelatin dominated in the acid extracts, and the alkaline extract contained a large portion of keratin. SAXS was found to be a sensitive method for showing the presence of intact collagen fibrils in materials from all of the extraction methods, albeit at low concentrations. Herein, sheepskin is shown to be a useful source for collagen–gelatin material of varying molecular weights.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomacromolecules, Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental Study of the Tensile Behavior of Structures Obtained by FDM 3D Printing Process
by
Salem Ben hadj Hassine, Sami Chatti, Borhen Louhichi and Abdennour Seibi
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1562; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111562 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is one of the layer-based technologies that fall under the umbrella term “Additive Manufacturing”, where the desired part is created through the successive layer-by-layer addition process with high accuracy using computer-aided design data. Additive manufacturing technology, or as it
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Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is one of the layer-based technologies that fall under the umbrella term “Additive Manufacturing”, where the desired part is created through the successive layer-by-layer addition process with high accuracy using computer-aided design data. Additive manufacturing technology, or as it is commonly known, 3D (three-dimensional) printing, is a rapidly growing sector of manufacturing that is incorporated in automotive, aerospace, biomedical, and many other fields. This work explores the impact of the Additive Manufacturing process on the mechanical proprieties of the fabricated part. To conduct this study, the 3D printed tensile specimens are designed according to the ASTM D638 standards and printed from a digital template file using the FDM 3D printer Raise3D N2. The material chosen for this 3D printing parameter optimization is Polylactic acid (PLA). The FDM process parameters that were studied in this work are the infill pattern, the infill density, and the infill cell orientation. These factors’ effects on the tensile behavior of printed parts were analyzed by the design of experiments method, using the statistical software MINITAB2020.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Stable 3D Deep Convolutional Autoencoder Method for Ultrasonic Testing of Defects in Polymer Composites
by
Yi Liu, Qing Yu, Kaixin Liu, Ningtao Zhu and Yuan Yao
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111561 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Ultrasonic testing is widely used for defect detection in polymer composites owing to advantages such as fast processing speed, simple operation, high reliability, and real-time monitoring. However, defect information in ultrasound images is not easily detectable because of the influence of ultrasound echoes
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Ultrasonic testing is widely used for defect detection in polymer composites owing to advantages such as fast processing speed, simple operation, high reliability, and real-time monitoring. However, defect information in ultrasound images is not easily detectable because of the influence of ultrasound echoes and noise. In this study, a stable three-dimensional deep convolutional autoencoder (3D-DCA) was developed to identify defects in polymer composites. Through 3D convolutional operations, it can synchronously learn the spatiotemporal properties of the data volume. Subsequently, the depth receptive field (RF) of the hidden layer in the autoencoder maps the defect information to the original depth location, thereby mitigating the effects of the defect surface and bottom echoes. In addition, a dual-layer encoder was designed to improve the hidden layer visualization results. Consequently, the size, shape, and depth of the defects can be accurately determined. The feasibility of the method was demonstrated through its application to defect detection in carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scientific Machine Learning for Polymeric Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
Structural Health Monitoring of Fiber Reinforced Composites Using Integrated a Linear Capacitance Based Sensor
by
Khalid S. Alblalaihid, Saad A. Aldoihi and Abdulaziz A. Alharbi
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1560; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111560 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The demand for fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) has significantly increased in various industries due to their attributes, including low weight, high strength, corrosion resistance, and cost-efficiency. Nevertheless, FRPs, such as glass and Kevlar fiber composites, exhibit anisotropic properties and relatively low interlaminar strength, rendering
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The demand for fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) has significantly increased in various industries due to their attributes, including low weight, high strength, corrosion resistance, and cost-efficiency. Nevertheless, FRPs, such as glass and Kevlar fiber composites, exhibit anisotropic properties and relatively low interlaminar strength, rendering them susceptible to undetected damage. The integration of real-time damage detection processes can effectively mitigate this issue. This paper introduces a novel method for fabricating embedded capacitive sensors within FRPs using a coating technique. The study encompasses two types of fibers, namely glass and Kevlar fiber/epoxy composites. The physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique is employed to coat bundle fibers with conductive material, thus creating embedded electrodes. The results demonstrate the uniform distribution of nanoparticles of gold (Au) along the fibers using PVD, resulting in a favorable resistance of approximately ≈100 Ω. Two sensor configurations are explored: axial and lateral embedding of the coated yarn (electrodes) to investigate the influence of load direction on the coating yarn. Axial-sensor configuration specimens undergo tensile testing, showcasing a linear response to axial loads with average sensitivities of 1 for glass and 1.5 for Kevlar fiber/epoxy composites. Additionally, onset damage is detected in both types of fiber composites, occurring before final fracture, with average stress at the turning point measuring 208 MPa for glass and 144 MPa for Kevlar. The lateral-sensor configuration for glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) exhibits good linearity towards strain until failure, with average gauge factors of 0.25 and −2.44 in the x and y axes, respectively.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conductive Polymers for Smart Textile Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Stability and Biaxial Behavior of Fresh Cheese Coated with Nanoliposomes Encapsulating Grape Seed Tannins and Polysaccharides Using Immersion and Spray Methods
by
Angela Monasterio, Emerson Núñez, Valeria Verdugo and Fernando A. Osorio
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1559; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111559 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
In the food industry context, where fresh cheese stands out as a highly perishable product with a short shelf life, this study aimed to extend its preservation through multi-layer edible coatings. The overall objective was to analyze the biaxial behavior and texture of
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In the food industry context, where fresh cheese stands out as a highly perishable product with a short shelf life, this study aimed to extend its preservation through multi-layer edible coatings. The overall objective was to analyze the biaxial behavior and texture of fresh cheese coated with nanoliposomes encapsulating grape seed tannins (NTs) and polysaccharides (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; HPMC and kappa carrageenan; KC) using immersion and spray methods, establishing comparisons with uncoated cheeses and commercial samples, including an accelerated shelf-life study. NT, HPMC, and KC were employed as primary components in the multi-layer edible coatings, which were applied through immersion and spray. The results revealed significant improvements, such as a 20% reduction in weight loss and increased stability against oxidation, evidenced by a 30% lower peroxide index than the uncoated samples. These findings underscore the effectiveness of edible coatings in enhancing the quality and extending the shelf life of fresh cheese, highlighting the innovative application of nanoliposomes and polysaccharide blends and the relevance of applying this strategy in the food industry. In conclusion, this study provides a promising perspective for developing dairy products with improved properties, opening opportunities to meet market demands and enhance consumer acceptance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Polymers in Food Sciences)
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Open AccessArticle
Assessment of the Micro-Tensile Bond Strength of a Novel Bioactive Dental Restorative Material (Surefil One)
by
Abdulrahman A. Alghamdi, Smaher Athamh, Reham Alzhrani and Hanan Filemban
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1558; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111558 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the micro-tensile bond strength and the mode of failure of a bioactive hybrid self-adhesive composite (Surefil one) under various dentin conditions. Methods: Thirty-two extracted human molar teeth were used to test the micro-tensile bond
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Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the micro-tensile bond strength and the mode of failure of a bioactive hybrid self-adhesive composite (Surefil one) under various dentin conditions. Methods: Thirty-two extracted human molar teeth were used to test the micro-tensile bond strength of Surefil one under different dentine conditions (no treatment, 37% phosphoric acid etching, and universal adhesive) in comparison with a resin-modified glass ionomer (RIVA). All restorations were light cure-bonded onto flat dentine and then sectioned into beams. Then, fractured specimens were observed under a light microscope to evaluate the mode of failure. Results: The Surefil one no-treatment group (NTG) exhibited the highest micro-tensile bond strength. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference observed between the Surefil one adhesive group (EAG) and the Surefil one acid etch group (EG). However, compared to other groups, the resin-modified glass ionomer (RIVA) produced the lowest results, which are statistically significant. Conclusion: Surefil one offers superior bond strength values when compared to resin-modified glass ionomers. Furthermore, Surefil one requires no dentin condition and has more straightforward clinical steps.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)
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Open AccessArticle
Preparation of a Flame-Retardant Curing Agent Based on Phytic Acid–Melamine Ion Crosslinking and Its Application in Wood Coatings
by
An Wei, Shunxiang Wang, Yongjin Zou, Cuili Xiang, Fen Xu and Lixian Sun
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1557; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111557 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
To broaden the applications of wood, it is necessary to prepare flame-retardant coatings that can protect wood substrates during combustion. In this study, a bio-based, intumescent, flame-retardant phytic acid–melamine polyelectrolyte (PM) was prepared using phosphorus-rich biomass phytic acid and nitrogen-rich melamine as raw
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To broaden the applications of wood, it is necessary to prepare flame-retardant coatings that can protect wood substrates during combustion. In this study, a bio-based, intumescent, flame-retardant phytic acid–melamine polyelectrolyte (PM) was prepared using phosphorus-rich biomass phytic acid and nitrogen-rich melamine as raw materials through an ion crosslinking reaction. Subsequently, a series of bio-based, flame-retardant wood coatings were prepared by optimizing the structure of urea–formaldehyde resin with the addition of melamine, sodium lignosulfonate, and PM as a flame-retardant curing agent. Woods coated with PM-containing coatings displayed significantly improved flame-retardant performances in comparison to uncoated woods. For PM-cured woods, the measured values of total heat release and total smoke production were 91.51% and 57.80% lower, respectively, compared with those of uncoated wood. Furthermore, the fire growth index decreased by 97.32%, indicating a lower fire hazard. This increase in flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance is due to the dense expanded carbon layer formed during the combustion of the coating, which isolates oxygen and heat. In addition, the mechanical properties of the flame-retardant coatings cured with PM are similar to those cured with a commercial curing agent, NH4Cl. In addition, the prepared flame-retardant coating can also stain the wood. This study proves the excellent flame-retarding and curing effect of ammonium phytate in urea–formaldehyde resin coatings and provides a new approach for the application of bio-based flame retardants in wood coatings.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Membranes and Films)
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Open AccessReview
A Concise Review of the Components and Properties of Wood–Plastic Composites
by
Zuzana Mitaľová, Dušan Mitaľ and Khrystyna Berladir
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1556; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111556 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
This article summarizes findings in the field of the history, composition, and mechanical properties of WPCs (wood–plastic composites) formed by combining two homogeneous substances, i.e., a polymer matrix with cellulose fibers in a certain ratio (with the addition of additives). In relation to
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This article summarizes findings in the field of the history, composition, and mechanical properties of WPCs (wood–plastic composites) formed by combining two homogeneous substances, i.e., a polymer matrix with cellulose fibers in a certain ratio (with the addition of additives). In relation to a wide range of applied natural reinforcements in composites, it focuses on wood as a fundamental representative of lignocellulosic fibers. It elucidates the concept of wood flour, the criteria for its selection, methods of storage, morphological characteristics, and similar aspects. The presence of wood in the plastic matrix reduces the material cost while increasing the stiffness. Matrix selection is influenced by the processing temperature (Tmax = 200 °C) due to the susceptibility of cellulose fibers to thermal degradation. Thermoplastics and selected biodegradable polymers can be applied as matrices. The article also includes information on applied additives such as coupling agents, lubricants, biocides, UV stabilizers, pigments, etc., and the mechanical/utility properties of WPC materials. The most common application of WPCs is in automotive sector, construction, aerospace, and structural applications. The potential biodegradability and lower cost of applications featuring composite materials with natural reinforcements motivated us to delve into this type of work.
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(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)
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Open AccessArticle
Improving Hemocompatibility of Polysulfone Membrane by UV-Assisted Grafting of Sulfonated Chitosan
by
Sheng Yan and Yunren Qiu
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1555; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111555 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The most prevalent type of hemodialysis membrane is polysulfone (PSf). However, due to inadequate biocompatibility, it significantly compromises the safety of dialysis for patients. In this study, we modify the surface of the PSf membrane with 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DBPh) groups to serve as anchoring
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The most prevalent type of hemodialysis membrane is polysulfone (PSf). However, due to inadequate biocompatibility, it significantly compromises the safety of dialysis for patients. In this study, we modify the surface of the PSf membrane with 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DBPh) groups to serve as anchoring sites during UV irradiation. Subsequently, a tailored sulfonated dihydroxy propyl chitosan (SDHPCS) is grafted onto the modified PSf membrane to compensate for the deficiencies in hydrophilic additives. The modified PSf membrane exhibits outstanding hydrophilicity and stability, as demonstrated by its characterization and evaluation. This paper focuses on investigating the interaction between platelet membrane formation, protein adsorption, and anticoagulant activity. The results show that the modified PSf membrane exhibits remarkable enhancement in surface hydrophilicity, leading to a significant reduction in protein and platelet adsorption as well as adhesion.
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(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Membranes and Films)
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Open AccessArticle
Blends of Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Cottonseed Protein as Biodegradable Films
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Huai N. Cheng, Atanu Biswas, Gary Kuzniar, Sanghoon Kim, Zengshe Liu and Zhongqi He
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1554; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111554 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
With the increasing awareness of plastic pollution in the environment and the accumulation of microplastics in water, a significant amount of research and development is ongoing to replace the synthetic plastics in packaging and coatings. In this work, we explored the blends of
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With the increasing awareness of plastic pollution in the environment and the accumulation of microplastics in water, a significant amount of research and development is ongoing to replace the synthetic plastics in packaging and coatings. In this work, we explored the blends of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and washed cottonseed meal (CSM, consisting mostly of cottonseed protein) as agro-based, biodegradable, and sustainable alternatives to plastics. Glycerol was found to be a suitable plasticizer for these blends. The blends of CMC/CSM were produced as single-layer films from 50 to 90 μm in thickness, consisting of different proportions of the components and plasticizer. The evaluated properties included opacity, water vapor permeability, mechanical properties, thermogravimetric analysis, moisture sorption analysis, and water swelling test. Higher percentages of CSM in the blend resulted in higher opacity and lower water vapor permeation rates. The mechanical strength waned with lower levels of CMC. Possible applications for these blends include their use as water-soluble food packaging and coatings and as dissolvable bags and pouches for detergents and agrochemicals.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production and Potential Uses of Biopolymers from Natural Sources and Agro-Industrial Waste II)
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Open AccessArticle
Molding Process Retaining Gold Nanoparticle Assembly Structures during Transfer to a Polycarbonate Surface
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Philipp Zimmermann, Daniel Schletz, Marisa Hoffmann, Patrick T. Probst, Andreas Fery and Jürgen Nagel
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1553; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111553 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The immobilization of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) linear surface assemblies on polycarbonate (PC) melt surface via molding is investigated. The order of the particle assemblies is preserved during the molding process. The assemblies on PC exhibit plasmonic coupling features and dichroic properties. The structure
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The immobilization of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) linear surface assemblies on polycarbonate (PC) melt surface via molding is investigated. The order of the particle assemblies is preserved during the molding process. The assemblies on PC exhibit plasmonic coupling features and dichroic properties. The structure of the assemblies is quantified based on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and image analysis data using an orientational order parameter. The transfer process from mold to melt shows high structural fidelity. The order parameter of around 0.98 reflects the orientation of the lines and remains unaffected, independent of the injection direction of the melt relative to the particle lines. This is discussed in the frame of fountain flow during injection molding. The particles were permanently fixed and withstood the injection molding process, detachment of the substrate, and extraction in boiling ethanol. The plasmonic particles coupled strongly within the dense nanoparticle lines to produce anisotropic optical properties, as quantified by dichroic ratios of 0.28 and 0.52 using ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) spectroscopy. AuNP line assemblies on a polymer surface may be a basis for plasmonic devices like surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors or a precursor for nanowires. Their embedding via injection molding constitutes an important link between particle-self-assembly approaches for optically functional surfaces and polymer processing techniques.
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(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Adhesion Properties and Stability of Polar Polymers Treated by Air Atmospheric Pressure Plasma
by
Roxana Ciobanu, Ilarion Mihăilă, Cătălin Borcia and Gabriela Borcia
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1552; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111552 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
This study continues the discussion on the surface modification of polymers using an atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) reactor in air. These results complement prior research focusing on nonpolar polymers. Polymers, such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyetheretherketone, and polymethyl methacrylate, containing structurally bonded oxygen are
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This study continues the discussion on the surface modification of polymers using an atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) reactor in air. These results complement prior research focusing on nonpolar polymers. Polymers, such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyetheretherketone, and polymethyl methacrylate, containing structurally bonded oxygen are studied, representing a range of properties such as oxygen content, crystalline/amorphous structure, polarity, functionality, and aliphatic/aromatic structure. APP induces superior wetting properties on the hydrophilic polymer surfaces with rapid and uniform modification within 0.5 s of exposure. The amorphous structures undergo additional modification for longer exposure. Moreover, the aliphatic chain structures require longer plasma exposure to reach surface modification equilibrium. The polar polymers reach a limit level of modification corresponding to a minimum water contact angle of about 50°. The surface polarity increases on average by a factor of approximately two. The equilibrium values of the adhesion work attained after post-processing recovery fall within a limited range of about 100–120 mJ/m2. The enhancement of surface functionality through the creation of oxidized groups primarily depends on the initial oxygen content and reaches a limit of about 40 at.% oxygen. The surface properties of the treated polar surfaces exhibit good stability, comparable to that of the previously tested nonpolar polymers.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plasma Processing of Polymers, 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
A Study of Plant-Filled Polymer Composites Based on Highly Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
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Evgeniia Samuilova, Alina Ponomareva, Vera Sitnikova, Anton Zhilenkov, Olga Kichigina and Mayya Uspenskaya
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1551; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111551 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
To enhance the ecological properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, the fabrication of PVC-based composites using biofillers with acceptable performance characteristics could be considered. In this work, plant-filled PVC-based composite materials were fabricated and their optical, structural, thermal, and mechanical properties, depending on
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To enhance the ecological properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, the fabrication of PVC-based composites using biofillers with acceptable performance characteristics could be considered. In this work, plant-filled PVC-based composite materials were fabricated and their optical, structural, thermal, and mechanical properties, depending on the nature of the filler, were studied. Spruce flour, birch flour, and rice husk were used as fillers. Optical measurements showed the selected technological parameters, allowing films with a uniform distribution of dispersed plant filler in the polymer matrix to be obtained. Using the plant fillers in PVC films leads to a reduction in strength characteristics; for instance, the tensile strength changed from 18.0 MPa (for pure PVC film) to ~7 MPa (for composites with 20 wt.% of fillers), and to ~5–6.2 MPa (for composites with 40 wt.% of fillers). Thermal investigations showed that the samples with plant fillers could be used at low temperatures without changing their operating characteristics. Thus, plant-filled PVC-based composite materials have a wide operating temperature range, from—65 °C to 150 °C. TGA analysis has demonstrated that the rice husk affected the thermal stability of the composites by increasing their thermal decomposition resistance. The ability to absorb water was observed during the investigation of water absorption of the samples. And the highest degree of water absorption (up to 160 mg/g) was detected for the sample with 40 wt.% of rice husk. In general, plant-filled polymer composites based on PVC can be used on an equal basis with unfilled PVC plastic compounds for some applications such as in construction (for example, for design tasks).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomacromolecules, Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
Open AccessArticle
Effect of Technological Factors on the Extraction of Polymeric Condensed Tannins from Acacia Species
by
Zeinab Osman, Antonio Pizzi, Mohammed Elamin Elbadawi, Jérémy Mehats, Wadah Mohammed and Bertrand Charrier
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1550; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111550 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
The aim of this research work was to investigate the influence of parameters such as particle size, mass/solvent ratio, temperature and spray drying on the tannin extraction process in order to develop cost-effective methods with better environmental and structural performance. The pods of
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The aim of this research work was to investigate the influence of parameters such as particle size, mass/solvent ratio, temperature and spray drying on the tannin extraction process in order to develop cost-effective methods with better environmental and structural performance. The pods of Acacia nilotica ssp. tomentosa (ANT) were fractionated into three fractions, coarse fraction (C) (>2 mm), medium fraction (M) (1–2 mm), and fine fraction (F) < 1 mµ), and extracted with different water-to-pod ratios (2:1, 4:1 and 6:1) at different temperatures (30, 50 and 70 °C). The best results were scaled up using the three fractions of ANT, its bark and the bark of Acacia seyal var. seyal (ASS). Part of their extract was spray dried. The tannin content and total polyphenolic materials were evaluated using standard methods. Their adhesives were tested for their tensile strength. Tannins of ASS were characterized by 13C NMR and MALDI-TOF. The results revealed that the fine fraction (F) gave the highest percentage of tannins in both small and scaled-up experiments. The results of the tensile strength conformed to the European standard. The 13C NMR spectra of ANT and ASS showed that the bark contained condensed tannins mainly consisting of procyanidins/prodelphinidin of 70%/30% and 60%/40%, respectively. MALDI–TOF spectra confirmed the results obtained by 13C NMR and detailed the presence of flavonoid monomers and oligomers, some of which were linked to short carbohydrate monomers or dimers.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Polymers from Renewable Resources)
Open AccessArticle
Preparation of PANI/CuPc/PDMS Composite Elastomer with High Dielectric Constant and Low Modulus Assisted by Electric Fields
by
Jinjin Hu, Beizhi Chu, Xueqing Liu, Huaixiao Wei, Jianwen Wang, Xue Kan, Yumin Xia, Shuohan Huang and Yuwei Chen
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1549; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111549 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Dielectric elastomer is a kind of electronic electroactive polymer, which plays an important role in the application of soft robots and flexible electronics. In this study, an all-organic polyaniline/copper phthalocyanine/silicone rubber (PANI/CuPc/PDMS) dielectric composite with superior comprehensive properties was prepared by manipulating the
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Dielectric elastomer is a kind of electronic electroactive polymer, which plays an important role in the application of soft robots and flexible electronics. In this study, an all-organic polyaniline/copper phthalocyanine/silicone rubber (PANI/CuPc/PDMS) dielectric composite with superior comprehensive properties was prepared by manipulating the arrangement of filler in a polymer matrix assisted by electric fields. Both CuPc particles and PANI particles can form network structures in the PDMS matrix by self-assembly under electric fields, which can enhance the dielectric properties of the composites at low filler content. The dielectric constant of the assembled PANI/CuPc/PDMS composites can reach up to 140 at 100 Hz when the content of CuPc and PANI particles is 4 wt% and 2.5 wt%, respectively. Moreover, the elastic modulus of the composites remains below 2 MPa, which is important for electro-deforming. The strain of assembled PANI/CuPc/PDMS three-phase composites at low electric field strength (2 kV/mm) can increase up to five times the composites with randomly dispersed particles, which makes this composite have potential application in the field of soft robots and flexible electronics.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Nanoparticles and Their Enhanced Polymer Composites: 2nd Edition)
Open AccessReview
A Review of Plasma-Synthesized and Plasma Surface-Modified Piezoelectric Polymer Films for Nanogenerators and Sensors
by
Eun-Young Jung, Habeeb Olaitan Suleiman, Heung-Sik Tae and Choon-Sang Park
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1548; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111548 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
In this review, we introduce recently developed plasma-based approaches for depositing and treating piezoelectric nanoparticles (NPs) and piezoelectric polymer films for nanogenerator (NG) and sensor applications. We also present the properties and an overview of recently synthesized or modified piezoelectric materials on piezoelectric
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In this review, we introduce recently developed plasma-based approaches for depositing and treating piezoelectric nanoparticles (NPs) and piezoelectric polymer films for nanogenerator (NG) and sensor applications. We also present the properties and an overview of recently synthesized or modified piezoelectric materials on piezoelectric polymers to highlight the existing challenges and future directions of plasma methods under vacuum, low pressure, and ambient air conditions. The various plasma processes involved in piezoelectric NGs and sensors, including plasma-based vapor deposition, dielectric barrier discharge, and surface modification, are introduced and summarized for controlling various surface properties (etching, roughening, crosslinking, functionalization, and crystallinity).
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plasma Processes for Polymers III)
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Open AccessArticle
A Cellulose-Based Dual-Crosslinked Framework with Sensitive Shape and Color Changes in Acid/Alkaline Vapors
by
Yuxin Sun, Xinye Qian, Yan Gou, Chunling Zheng and Fang Zhang
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1547; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111547 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Cellulose detectors, as green sensors, are some of the defensive mechanisms of plants which combat environmental stresses. However, extracted cellulose struggles to fulfil these functionalities due to its rigid physical/chemical properties. In this study, a novel cellulose dual-crosslinked framework (CDCF) is proposed. This
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Cellulose detectors, as green sensors, are some of the defensive mechanisms of plants which combat environmental stresses. However, extracted cellulose struggles to fulfil these functionalities due to its rigid physical/chemical properties. In this study, a novel cellulose dual-crosslinked framework (CDCF) is proposed. This comprises a denser temporary physical crosslinking bond (hydrogen bonding) and a looser covalent crosslinking bond (N,N-methylenebisacrylamide), which create deformable spaces between the two crosslinking sites. Abundant pH-sensitive carboxyl groups and ultralight, highly porous structures make CDCF response very sensitive in acid/alkaline vapor environments. Hence, a significant shrinkage of CDCF was observed following exposure to vapors. Moreover, a curcumin-incorporated CDCF exhibited dual shape and color changes when exposed to acid/alkaline vapors, demonstrating great potential for the multi-detection of acid/alkaline vapors.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Polymeric Materials for Soft Electronics)
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Open AccessReview
Depollution of Polymeric Leather Waste by Applying the Most Current Methods of Chromium Extraction
by
Ana-Maria Nicoleta Codreanu (Manea), Daniela Simina Stefan, Lidia Kim and Mircea Stefan
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111546 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
The leather industry is one of the most polluting industries in the world due to the large amounts of waste following raw hide processing but also due to the high content of chemical substances present in leather waste. The main problem with chromium-tanned
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The leather industry is one of the most polluting industries in the world due to the large amounts of waste following raw hide processing but also due to the high content of chemical substances present in leather waste. The main problem with chromium-tanned leather solid waste is related to the storage, due to the ability of chromium to leach into soil or water, and also owing to the high ability of trivalent chromium to oxidize to its toxic form, hexavalent chromium. The purpose of this article is to present the most current methods of chromium extraction from solid tanned leather waste in order to obtain non-polluting leather, which can constitute secondary raw material in new industrial processes. The extraction methods identified in the present study are based on acid/basic/enzymatic hydrolysis and substitution with the help of organic chelators (organic acids and organic acid salts). In addition, this study includes a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each identified extraction method. At the same time, this study also presents alternative chromium extraction methods based on the combination of conventional extraction methods and ultrasound-assisted extraction.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradation and Recycling of Polymer Materials)
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